/* Springer Nature Link — SeoDor template */
/* self-hosted fonts (OFL), no third-party requests */
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*,*::before,*::after{box-sizing:border-box}
:root{
  --c-text:#222;
  --c-text-2:#555;
  --c-muted:#666;
  --c-link:#025e8d;
  --c-link-hover:#01324b;
  --c-navy:#01324b;
  --c-blue:#0070a8;
  --c-line:#c5e0f4;
  --c-line-2:#dadada;
  --c-tint:#eff6fb;
  --c-grey:#f0f0f0;
  --c-white:#fff;
  --ff-sans:"Merriweather Sans","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
  --ff-serif:Merriweather,Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;
  --wrap:1248px;
  --gutter:24px;
  --side:400px;
  --radius:8px;
}
html{scroll-behavior:smooth;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}
body{margin:0;font-family:var(--ff-sans);font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;color:var(--c-text);background:var(--c-white);-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;overflow-x:hidden}
img{max-width:100%;height:auto;display:block}
a{color:var(--c-link);text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:.0625rem;text-underline-offset:.25em}
a:hover{color:var(--c-link-hover);text-decoration-thickness:.25rem}
h1,h2,h3,h4,p,ul,ol,figure,blockquote,dl,dd{margin:0;padding:0}
ul,ol{list-style:none}
button{font:inherit;cursor:pointer}
[id]{scroll-margin-top:84px}
.u-visually-hidden{position:absolute!important;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);white-space:nowrap}
.u-container{max-width:calc(var(--wrap) + var(--gutter)*2);margin:0 auto;padding:0 var(--gutter)}
.c-skip-link{position:absolute;left:-9999px;top:0;background:var(--c-navy);color:#fff;padding:8px 16px;z-index:1000}
.c-skip-link:focus{left:8px}
.svg-icon{width:1em;height:1em;fill:currentColor;flex:none}

/* ---------- ad slot ---------- */
.c-ad{background:#fff;border-bottom:2px solid var(--c-line);text-align:center;padding:8px 0 16px}
.c-ad__label{font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;color:#333;margin-bottom:4px}
.c-ad__banner{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:24px;max-width:728px;min-height:90px;margin:0 auto;padding:10px 16px;border:1px solid #222;border-top:4px solid #222;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;color:#222;background:#fff}
.c-ad__banner:hover{color:#222;text-decoration:none;background:#fafafa}
.c-ad__brand{font-family:var(--ff-serif);font-weight:700;font-size:20px;line-height:1;white-space:nowrap}
.c-ad__brand small{display:block;font-family:var(--ff-sans);font-weight:300;font-size:17px}
.c-ad__copy strong{display:block;font-size:19px;line-height:1.2}
.c-ad__copy span{display:block;font-size:13px;line-height:1.35;color:#333;margin-top:4px}
.c-ad--side{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left;margin-top:40px}
.c-ad--side .c-ad__banner{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;max-width:300px;min-height:250px;gap:12px;background:#f2efe9}

.c-ad__slot{display:flex;justify-content:center;margin:0 auto;max-width:100%;line-height:0}
.c-ad__slot--leaderboard{min-height:90px}
.c-ad__slot--mpu{justify-content:flex-start;min-height:250px}
.c-ad__slot embed,.c-ad__slot ruffle-embed,.c-ad__slot ruffle-object,.app-journal-card--flash embed,.app-journal-card--flash ruffle-embed{display:block;max-width:100%}
.app-journal-card--flash{border-top:0;background:transparent;border-radius:var(--radius);line-height:0;min-height:380px}

/* ---------- header ---------- */
.eds-c-header{background:#fff;border-bottom:2px solid var(--c-line);font-size:16px;line-height:1.5}
.eds-c-header__container{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;min-height:70px}
.eds-c-header__brand a{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;color:var(--c-navy);text-decoration:none}
.eds-c-header__logo{font-family:var(--ff-sans);font-weight:800;font-size:27px;letter-spacing:-.01em;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--c-navy)}
.eds-c-header__logo em{font-family:var(--ff-serif);font-style:normal;font-weight:400;text-transform:none;font-size:29px;margin-left:8px}
.eds-c-header__link{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;color:var(--c-text);font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 0;background:none;border:0}
.eds-c-header__link:hover{color:var(--c-link);text-decoration:underline}
.eds-c-header__nav{border-top:2px solid var(--c-line)}
.eds-c-header__nav-container{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;min-height:62px;gap:24px}
.eds-c-header__items{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:32px}
.eds-c-header__items .eds-c-header__link a,.eds-c-header__items>li>a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}
.eds-c-header__items>li{display:flex}
.eds-c-header__divider{width:2px;align-self:stretch;background:var(--c-line);margin:12px 0}
.eds-c-header__right{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:24px}
.eds-c-header__link .svg-icon{width:24px;height:24px}
.eds-c-header__menu-btn{display:none}
.eds-c-header__search{display:none;background:var(--c-tint);border-top:2px solid var(--c-line);padding:24px 0}
.eds-c-header__search.is-open{display:block}
.eds-c-header__search h2{font-size:20px;line-height:1.3;margin-bottom:12px;color:var(--c-navy)}
.c-search-form{display:flex;gap:0;max-width:760px}
.c-search-form input{flex:1;min-width:0;border:1px solid #767676;border-right:0;border-radius:4px 0 0 4px;padding:10px 14px;font:inherit;font-size:16px}
.c-search-form button{border:1px solid var(--c-link);background:var(--c-link);color:#fff;border-radius:0 4px 4px 0;padding:0 18px;display:flex;align-items:center}
.c-search-form button .svg-icon{width:22px;height:22px}

/* ---------- masthead ---------- */
.app-masthead{position:relative;color:#fff;background:#01324b;background:linear-gradient(95deg,#01324b 0%,#022f4a 45%,#04466b 100%);overflow:hidden}
.app-masthead::after{content:"";position:absolute;inset:0;background:radial-gradient(900px 400px at 85% 10%,rgba(0,112,168,.35),transparent 60%);pointer-events:none}
.app-masthead__container{position:relative;z-index:1;display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) var(--side);gap:64px;padding-top:24px;padding-bottom:24px}
.app-masthead a{color:#fff}
.c-breadcrumbs{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;font-size:16px;line-height:1.5;margin-bottom:8px}
.c-breadcrumbs li{display:flex;align-items:center}
.c-breadcrumbs li+li::before{content:"";width:8px;height:8px;border-right:2px solid currentColor;border-top:2px solid currentColor;transform:rotate(45deg);margin:0 12px 0 8px;opacity:.9}
.c-breadcrumbs a{font-weight:700}
.c-article-title{font-family:var(--ff-sans);font-weight:700;font-size:36px;line-height:1.2;letter-spacing:-.005em;margin:0 0 16px;max-width:780px}
.c-article-identifiers{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;font-size:16px;line-height:1.5;margin-bottom:8px}
.c-article-identifiers li{padding:0 8px;border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.8)}
.c-article-identifiers li:first-child{padding-left:0;border-left:0}
.c-article-identifiers--cite{margin-bottom:0}
.c-article-identifiers--cite li{border-left:0;padding-left:0;padding-right:16px}
.app-masthead__access{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;font-size:14px;margin:56px 0 12px}
.app-masthead__access .svg-icon{width:16px;height:16px}
.app-masthead__actions{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:28px}
.c-pdf-download__link{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;background:#fff;color:#000!important;text-decoration:none;font-weight:700;font-size:16px;border:2px solid #fff;border-radius:32px;padding:10px 26px}
.c-pdf-download__link:hover{background:var(--c-tint);text-decoration:none}
.c-pdf-download__link .svg-icon{width:18px;height:18px}
.c-pdf-download__link.is-busy{opacity:.6;cursor:progress}
.c-save-article{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;background:none;border:0;color:#fff;font-weight:700;font-size:16px;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:.25em;padding:0}
.c-save-article .svg-icon{width:22px;height:22px}
.c-save-article.is-saved .svg-icon{fill:#fff}
.app-journal-card{background:#fff;color:var(--c-text);border-top:10px solid var(--c-blue);border-radius:var(--radius);overflow:hidden;align-self:start;margin-top:12px}
.app-journal-card__head{padding:18px 16px 16px;line-height:1}
.app-journal-card__head span{display:block;font-size:20px;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:4px}
.app-journal-card__head strong{display:block;font-family:var(--ff-serif);font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-.04em;font-weight:700;line-height:1.05;color:#111}
.app-journal-card__cover{aspect-ratio:2/1;background:#1a0b05}
.app-journal-card__cover img,.app-journal-card__cover svg{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;display:block}
.app-journal-card__links{padding:16px;display:grid;gap:10px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.4}
.app-journal-card__links a{color:#000;font-weight:700}
.app-journal-card__links a::after{content:" \2192"}

/* ---------- article grid ---------- */
.c-article-main{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) var(--side);gap:64px;padding-top:24px;padding-bottom:48px}
.c-article-body-col{min-width:0;max-width:783px;font-family:var(--ff-serif)}
.c-article-header{font-family:var(--ff-sans)}
.c-article-author-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:16px;line-height:2;margin-bottom:12px}
.c-article-author-list li{margin-right:4px}
.c-article-author-list a{color:var(--c-text)}
.c-article-author-list .svg-icon{width:22px;height:22px;vertical-align:-5px;margin-left:6px}
.app-article-metrics-bar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:4px 18px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.5;margin:8px 0 20px}
.app-article-metrics-bar li{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px}
.app-article-metrics-bar b{font-weight:700}
.app-article-metrics-bar .svg-icon{width:20px;height:20px}
.app-article-metrics-bar a{color:var(--c-text);font-weight:700}
.app-article-metrics-bar a::after{content:" \2192"}

.c-article-section{margin-bottom:48px}
.c-article-section__title{font-family:var(--ff-sans);font-weight:700;font-size:28px;line-height:1.24;border-bottom:1px solid var(--c-line);padding-bottom:12px;margin-bottom:24px}
.c-article__sub-heading{font-family:var(--ff-sans);font-weight:700;font-size:22px;line-height:1.3;margin:32px 0 8px}
.c-article-section__content p{margin-bottom:28px;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere}
.c-article-section__content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
.c-article-section__content sup a{font-size:15px;text-decoration:underline}
.c-article-section__content ol.u-list-num{counter-reset:li;margin:0 0 28px 20px}
.c-article-section__content ol.u-list-num>li{counter-increment:li;position:relative;padding-left:36px;margin-bottom:16px}
.c-article-section__content ol.u-list-num>li::before{content:"(" counter(li) ")";position:absolute;left:0}
.c-article-section__content ul.u-list-bullet{list-style:disc;margin:0 0 28px 44px}
.c-article-section__content ul.u-list-bullet li{margin-bottom:12px}
.c-article-equation{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:16px;align-items:center;font-style:italic;margin:0 0 28px;overflow-x:auto}
.c-article-equation span:last-child{font-style:normal}
.c-article-section__content blockquote{border-left:4px solid var(--c-line);padding:4px 0 4px 20px;margin:0 0 28px;color:var(--c-text-2);font-style:italic}

/* figures */
.c-article-section__figure{border:1px solid var(--c-line);border-radius:var(--radius);padding:24px;margin:0 0 48px}
.c-article-section__figure-caption{font-family:var(--ff-sans);font-weight:700;font-size:18px;line-height:1.4;margin-bottom:16px}
.c-article-section__figure-content img{width:100%;max-height:420px;object-fit:contain;background:#fafafa}
.c-article__pill-button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;border:2px solid var(--c-link);border-radius:32px;padding:6px 24px;font-family:var(--ff-sans);font-weight:700;font-size:16px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--c-link);text-decoration:none;margin:20px 0}
.c-article__pill-button:hover{background:var(--c-link);color:#fff;text-decoration:none}
.c-article__pill-button::after{content:"\203A";font-size:20px;line-height:1}
.c-article-section__figure-description{font-size:16px;line-height:1.8}

/* recommendations */
.c-article-recommendations{background:var(--c-tint);border-radius:var(--radius);padding:16px 24px 20px;margin:0 0 48px;font-family:var(--ff-sans)}
.c-article-recommendations-title{font-size:18px;line-height:1.4;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:12px}
.c-article-recommendations-list{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}
.c-article-recommendations-list>li{padding:0 16px;border-left:1px solid var(--c-line);display:flex;flex-direction:column}
.c-article-recommendations-list>li:first-child{padding-left:0;border-left:0}
.c-article-recommendations-list>li:last-child{padding-right:0}
.c-article-recommendations-card__img{aspect-ratio:13/7.5;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--c-line);overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:12px}
.c-article-recommendations-card__img img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover}
.c-article-recommendations-card__heading{font-size:15px;line-height:1.4;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:12px;flex:1}
.c-article-recommendations-card__heading a{color:#000}
.c-article-meta-recommendations{display:flex;align-items:center;font-size:13px;line-height:1.4}
.c-article-meta-recommendations span{padding-right:8px}
.c-article-meta-recommendations span:first-child{font-weight:700;border-right:1px solid #999;margin-right:8px}

/* related subjects */
.app-explore-related-subjects{border:1px solid var(--c-line);border-radius:var(--radius);padding:16px 24px 20px;margin:0 0 48px;font-family:var(--ff-sans)}
.app-explore-related-subjects__title{font-size:18px;line-height:1.4;font-weight:700}
.app-explore-related-subjects__info{font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:#333;margin-bottom:16px}
.app-explore-related-subjects__list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:12px}
.app-explore-related-subjects__list a{display:inline-block;background:var(--c-tint);border-radius:2px;padding:6px 16px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;font-weight:700;color:var(--c-link)}

/* references */
.c-article-references{counter-reset:ref}
.c-article-references__item{counter-increment:ref;position:relative;padding-left:34px;margin-bottom:24px;font-size:18px;line-height:1.8}
.c-article-references__item::before{content:counter(ref) ".";position:absolute;left:0;font-size:20px}
.c-article-references__item[data-n]::before{content:attr(data-n) "."}
.c-article-references__text a{color:var(--c-text);text-decoration:none}
.c-article-references__text a:hover{text-decoration:underline}
.c-article-references__links{display:flex;justify-content:flex-end;gap:10px;font-family:var(--ff-sans);font-size:16px;font-weight:700;margin-top:12px}
.c-article-references__download{font-family:var(--ff-sans);font-size:16px;font-weight:700}

/* author info */
.c-article-author-affiliation__list{margin-bottom:16px}
.c-article-author-affiliation__list li{margin-bottom:16px}
.c-article-author-affiliation__address{font-weight:700;display:block}
.c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list{display:block}

/* supplementary */
.c-article-supplementary__item{margin-bottom:24px}
.c-article-supplementary__title{font-size:24px;line-height:1.4;font-weight:400;margin-bottom:4px}
.c-article-supplementary__title .svg-icon{width:22px;height:22px;vertical-align:-3px}

/* about this article */
.c-bibliographic-information{display:grid;grid-template-columns:80px 1fr;gap:24px;font-family:var(--ff-sans);font-size:16px;line-height:1.8}
.c-bibliographic-information__update{text-align:center;font-size:13px;line-height:1.2;color:#555;text-decoration:none}
.c-bibliographic-information__update svg{width:52px;height:52px;margin:0 auto 6px;display:block}
.c-bibliographic-information__main{border-left:1px solid var(--c-line-2);padding-left:24px}
.c-bibliographic-information__citation{margin-bottom:16px}
.c-bibliographic-information__download-citation .svg-icon{width:14px;height:14px;vertical-align:-2px}
.c-bibliographic-information__list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:24px 0 0}
.c-bibliographic-information__list-item{width:33.33%;margin-bottom:24px;padding-right:16px}
.c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full{width:100%}
.c-bibliographic-information__list-item p{margin:0}
.c-bibliographic-information__value{display:block}
.c-article-share-box__title{font-size:24px;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;margin:8px 0 8px}
.c-article-share-box__button{border:2px solid var(--c-link);background:#fff;color:var(--c-link);font-weight:700;border-radius:32px;padding:8px 24px;margin:16px 0}
.c-article-share-box__button:hover{background:var(--c-link);color:#fff}
.c-article-share-box__link{display:none;background:var(--c-tint);border:1px solid var(--c-line);border-radius:4px;padding:8px 12px;word-break:break-all;margin:8px 0 16px}
.c-article-share-box__link.is-visible{display:block}
.c-article-share-box__note{font-size:13px;color:#555}

/* comments */
.c-comments__form{display:grid;gap:14px;font-family:var(--ff-sans);font-size:16px}
.c-comments__form label{display:grid;gap:6px;font-weight:700}
.c-comments__form input,.c-comments__form textarea{font:inherit;font-weight:400;border:1px solid #767676;border-radius:4px;padding:10px 12px;width:100%}
.c-comments__form .c-comments__row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:14px}
.c-comments__form .c-comments__agree{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:10px;font-weight:400;line-height:1.6}
.c-comments__form .c-comments__agree input{width:auto;margin-top:6px}
.c-button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:8px;background:var(--c-link);color:#fff;border:2px solid var(--c-link);border-radius:32px;padding:10px 28px;font-family:var(--ff-sans);font-weight:700;font-size:16px;line-height:1.5;text-decoration:none;justify-self:start}
.c-button:hover{background:var(--c-navy);border-color:var(--c-navy);color:#fff;text-decoration:none}
.c-button--ghost{background:#fff;color:var(--c-link)}
.c-button--ghost:hover{background:var(--c-link);color:#fff}

/* ---------- sidebar: reading companion ---------- */
.c-article-sidebar{font-family:var(--ff-sans);font-size:16px;line-height:1.5}
.c-reading-companion{position:sticky;top:16px}
.c-reading-companion__tabs{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);border:1px solid #d5d5d5;margin-bottom:12px}
.c-reading-companion__tab{background:var(--c-grey);border:0;border-left:1px solid #d5d5d5;color:var(--c-link);text-align:left;padding:10px 15px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.15}
.c-reading-companion__tab:first-child{border-left:0}
.c-reading-companion__tab.is-active{background:#fff;color:var(--c-text);font-weight:700}
.c-reading-companion__panel{display:none;max-height:calc(100vh - 360px);overflow:auto;padding-right:6px}
.c-reading-companion__panel.is-active{display:block}
.c-reading-companion__sections-list li{border-left:4px solid transparent;padding:6px 0 6px 12px}
.c-reading-companion__sections-list li.is-current{border-left-color:#ccc}
.c-reading-companion__sections-list li.is-current a{color:var(--c-text);text-decoration-thickness:1px}
.c-reading-companion__figures-list li{display:grid;grid-template-columns:96px 1fr;gap:12px;align-items:start;margin-bottom:16px;font-size:14px}
.c-reading-companion__figures-list img{width:96px;height:64px;object-fit:cover;border:1px solid var(--c-line)}
.c-reading-companion__figures-list b{display:block}
.c-reading-companion__references-list{counter-reset:rc}
.c-reading-companion__references-list li{counter-increment:rc;position:relative;padding-left:30px;margin-bottom:14px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.5}
.c-reading-companion__references-list li::before{content:counter(rc) ".";position:absolute;left:0;font-weight:700}

/* ---------- links table (flash/table-links.txt) ---------- */
.c-links{--row-h:96px;--accent:#ff6a3d;margin:0 0 40px;font-family:var(--ff-sans);background:#fff;border:2px solid var(--c-link);border-radius:12px;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0 10px 30px rgba(1,50,75,.16)}
.c-links__table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;table-layout:fixed}
.c-links__col-logo{width:96px}
.c-links__col-cta{width:156px}
.c-links__row td{height:var(--row-h);padding:0 20px;vertical-align:middle;border-top:1px solid var(--c-line);box-sizing:border-box}
.c-links__row:first-child td{border-top:0}
.c-links__row:first-child{background:#fff8f5}
.c-links__row:hover td{background:#f3f9fd}
.c-links__logo{padding-right:0!important}
.c-links__logo img,.c-links__initials{display:block;width:68px;height:68px;border-radius:14px;border:1px solid var(--c-line);object-fit:cover;background:#f4f6f8;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,.08)}
.c-links__initials{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-weight:800;font-size:24px;color:#fff;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--c-blue),var(--c-navy));border:0}
.c-links__name{display:block;font-size:18px;line-height:1.3;font-weight:800;color:#000;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}
.c-links__name:hover{color:var(--c-link);text-decoration:underline}
.c-links__desc{margin:5px 0 0;font-size:14px;line-height:20px;color:#444;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-line-clamp:2;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;overflow:hidden;max-height:40px}
.c-links__cta{text-align:right}
.c-links__btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#ff7a4d,var(--accent));color:#fff!important;border-radius:32px;padding:11px 22px;font-size:15px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.3;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(255,106,61,.35);transition:transform .15s,box-shadow .15s}
.c-links__btn:hover{transform:translateY(-1px);box-shadow:0 6px 16px rgba(255,106,61,.45);text-decoration:none}
.c-links__btn svg{width:15px;height:15px;fill:currentColor}
.c-links__skeleton td{height:calc(var(--rows,3) * var(--row-h));padding:0;position:relative;overflow:hidden;
  background:
    linear-gradient(to bottom,transparent calc(var(--row-h) - 1px),var(--c-line) calc(var(--row-h) - 1px)) 0 0/100% var(--row-h) repeat-y,
    linear-gradient(to bottom,transparent 14px,#e7eef4 14px,#e7eef4 82px,transparent 82px) 20px 0/68px var(--row-h) repeat-y,
    linear-gradient(to bottom,transparent 24px,#e3ebf1 24px,#e3ebf1 42px,transparent 42px) 116px 0/30% var(--row-h) repeat-y,
    linear-gradient(to bottom,transparent 52px,#eef3f7 52px,#eef3f7 64px,transparent 64px) 116px 0/48% var(--row-h) repeat-y,
    linear-gradient(to bottom,transparent 26px,#ffe1d6 26px,#ffe1d6 70px,transparent 70px) right 20px top 0/120px var(--row-h) repeat-y}
.c-links__skeleton td::after{content:"";position:absolute;inset:0;background:linear-gradient(100deg,transparent 30%,rgba(255,255,255,.65) 50%,transparent 70%);animation:c-links-shimmer 1.4s infinite}
@keyframes c-links-shimmer{from{transform:translateX(-100%)}to{transform:translateX(100%)}}
@media (max-width:599px){
  .c-links{--row-h:108px;border-radius:10px}
  .c-links__table,.c-links__table tbody{display:block}
  .c-links__table colgroup{display:none}
  .c-links__row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:60px minmax(0,1fr) 44px;align-items:center;column-gap:12px;height:var(--row-h);padding:0 12px;border-top:1px solid var(--c-line);box-sizing:border-box}
  .c-links__row:first-child{border-top:0}
  .c-links__row td{display:block;height:auto;padding:0!important;border:0!important;background:none!important;text-align:left}
  .c-links__logo img,.c-links__initials{width:60px;height:60px;border-radius:12px}
  .c-links__name{font-size:16px;white-space:normal;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-line-clamp:1;-webkit-box-orient:vertical}
  .c-links__desc{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;max-height:36px}
  .c-links__btn{width:44px;height:44px;padding:0;justify-content:center;border-radius:50%}
  .c-links__btn span{display:none}
  .c-links__btn svg{width:17px;height:17px}
  .c-links__skeleton{display:block}
  .c-links__skeleton td{display:block;
    background:
      linear-gradient(to bottom,transparent calc(var(--row-h) - 1px),var(--c-line) calc(var(--row-h) - 1px)) 0 0/100% var(--row-h) repeat-y,
      linear-gradient(to bottom,transparent 24px,#e7eef4 24px,#e7eef4 84px,transparent 84px) 12px 0/60px var(--row-h) repeat-y,
      linear-gradient(to bottom,transparent 32px,#e3ebf1 32px,#e3ebf1 48px,transparent 48px) 84px 0/45% var(--row-h) repeat-y,
      linear-gradient(to bottom,transparent 58px,#eef3f7 58px,#eef3f7 70px,transparent 70px) 84px 0/55% var(--row-h) repeat-y,
      linear-gradient(to bottom,transparent 32px,#ffe1d6 32px,#ffe1d6 76px,transparent 76px) right 12px top 0/44px var(--row-h) repeat-y}
}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.c-links__skeleton td::after{animation:none}.c-links__btn{transition:none}}

/* ---------- article intro (moved out of the masthead) + full-width banner masthead ---------- */
.app-masthead__container--banner{grid-template-columns:1fr;padding-top:24px;padding-bottom:24px}
.app-journal-card--flash{display:block!important;width:100%;margin-top:0;min-height:240px}
@media (max-width:1295px){.app-journal-card--flash{min-height:380px}}
.c-breadcrumbs li:empty{display:none}
.app-masthead .c-links{margin:0}
/* компактная таблица в правой колонке masthead */
.app-masthead__side{align-self:start;margin-top:12px;min-width:0}
.c-tor-note{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:10px;margin:0 0 10px;font-family:var(--ff-sans);font-size:14px;line-height:1.45;color:#fff}
.c-tor-note .svg-icon{width:22px;height:22px;flex:none;color:#d4b3ff;fill:currentColor}
.app-masthead .c-tor-note a{color:#fff;font-weight:700}
.c-top-title{font-family:var(--ff-sans);font-size:32px;line-height:1.2;font-weight:800;color:var(--c-navy);letter-spacing:-.01em;margin:0 0 14px}
@media (max-width:599px){.c-top-title{font-size:26px}}
.c-top-title--mast{display:none;color:#fff}
@media (max-width:899px){
  .app-masthead__container:has(.c-links--side) > div:first-child{display:none}
  .app-masthead__container:has(.c-links--side) .app-masthead__side{margin-top:0}
  .c-top-title--mast{display:block;font-size:26px;margin:0 0 10px}
}
.c-tor-note--light{color:#333;background:#f6f0fb;border:1px solid #e3d3f0;border-radius:8px;padding:10px 14px;margin:0 0 12px}
.c-tor-note--light .svg-icon{color:#7d4698}
.c-tor-note--light a{color:#7d4698;font-weight:700}
.c-tor-note--light a:hover{color:#59316d}
.app-masthead__container:has(.c-links--side){grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 560px}
@media (max-width:1179px){.app-masthead__container:has(.c-links--side){grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 460px}}
.c-links--side{--row-h:88px;border-radius:10px;margin-top:0!important;max-height:calc(var(--row-h) * 3.5 + 4px);overflow-y:auto;overscroll-behavior:contain;scrollbar-width:thin;scrollbar-color:var(--c-link) #eaf1f6}
.c-links--side::-webkit-scrollbar{width:8px}
.c-links--side::-webkit-scrollbar-track{background:#eaf1f6;border-radius:0 10px 10px 0}
.c-links--side::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{background:var(--c-link);border-radius:8px;border:2px solid #eaf1f6}
.c-links--side::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover{background:var(--c-navy)}
.c-links--side .c-links__table,.c-links--side .c-links__table tbody{display:block}
.c-links--side .c-links__table colgroup{display:none}
.c-links--side .c-links__row{position:relative;display:grid;grid-template-columns:56px minmax(0,1fr) 28px;align-items:center;column-gap:14px;height:var(--row-h);padding:0 14px 0 16px;border-top:1px solid var(--c-line);box-sizing:border-box;cursor:pointer}
.c-links--side .c-links__row:first-child{border-top:0}
.c-links--side .c-links__row:hover{background:#f3f9fd}
.c-links--side .c-links__row:first-child:hover{background:#ffefe8}
.c-links--side .c-links__row td{display:block;height:auto;padding:0!important;border:0!important;background:none!important;text-align:left}
.c-links--side .c-links__logo img,.c-links--side .c-links__initials{width:56px;height:56px;border-radius:12px}
.c-links--side .c-links__name{font-size:16px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}
.c-links--side .c-links__name::after{content:"";position:absolute;inset:0;z-index:1}
.c-links--side .c-links__row:hover .c-links__name{color:var(--c-link)}
.c-links--side .c-links__desc{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;max-height:36px;margin-top:3px}
.c-links--side .c-links__cta{text-align:right}
.c-links--side .c-links__btn{position:relative;z-index:2;width:28px;height:28px;padding:0;justify-content:center;background:none;box-shadow:none;border-radius:0;color:var(--accent)!important;transition:transform .15s}
.c-links--side .c-links__btn:hover,.c-links--side .c-links__row:hover .c-links__btn{transform:translateX(3px);background:none;box-shadow:none}
.c-links--side .c-links__btn span{display:none}
.c-links--side .c-links__btn svg{width:22px;height:22px}
.c-links--side .c-links__skeleton{display:block}
.c-links--side .c-links__skeleton td{display:block;
  background:
    linear-gradient(to bottom,transparent calc(var(--row-h) - 1px),var(--c-line) calc(var(--row-h) - 1px)) 0 0/100% var(--row-h) repeat-y,
    linear-gradient(to bottom,transparent 16px,#e7eef4 16px,#e7eef4 72px,transparent 72px) 16px 0/56px var(--row-h) repeat-y,
    linear-gradient(to bottom,transparent 22px,#e3ebf1 22px,#e3ebf1 38px,transparent 38px) 86px 0/40% var(--row-h) repeat-y,
    linear-gradient(to bottom,transparent 46px,#eef3f7 46px,#eef3f7 58px,transparent 58px) 86px 0/58% var(--row-h) repeat-y,
    linear-gradient(to bottom,transparent 36px,#ffe1d6 36px,#ffe1d6 52px,transparent 52px) right 16px top 0/20px var(--row-h) repeat-y}
@media (max-width:899px){
  .app-masthead__container:has(.c-links--side){grid-template-columns:1fr}
  .app-masthead__side{margin-top:24px}
}
@media (max-width:599px){
  .c-links--side{--row-h:96px}
  .c-links--side .c-links__row{grid-template-columns:52px minmax(0,1fr) 24px;column-gap:12px;padding:0 12px}
  .c-links--side .c-links__logo img,.c-links--side .c-links__initials{width:52px;height:52px}
  .c-links--side .c-links__name{white-space:normal;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-line-clamp:1;-webkit-box-orient:vertical}
}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.c-links--side .c-links__btn{transition:none}}

.app-masthead .c-links__name{color:#000}
.app-masthead .c-links__name:hover{color:var(--c-link)}
.app-journal-card--inline{min-height:340px!important;margin:0 0 40px}
.c-article-intro{grid-column:1/-1;padding:4px 0 22px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--c-line)}
.c-article-intro a{color:var(--c-link)}
.c-article-intro .c-breadcrumbs{color:#333}
.c-article-intro .c-article-title{color:var(--c-navy);max-width:none}
.c-article-intro--journal .c-article-title{font-size:40px}
.c-article-intro .c-article-identifiers li{border-left-color:#999}
.c-article-intro .c-article-identifiers li:first-child{border-left:0}
.c-article-intro .app-journal-masthead__lead{color:#333;opacity:1;max-width:900px}
.c-article-intro .app-masthead__access{margin:18px 0 12px;color:#333}
.c-article-intro .app-masthead__access .svg-icon{fill:#1a7f37}
.c-article-intro .c-pdf-download__link{background:var(--c-link);border-color:var(--c-link);color:#fff!important}
.c-article-intro .c-pdf-download__link:hover{background:var(--c-navy);border-color:var(--c-navy)}
.c-article-intro .c-save-article{color:var(--c-link)}
.c-article-intro .c-save-article.is-saved .svg-icon{fill:var(--c-link)}
@media (max-width:899px){
  .c-article-intro--journal .c-article-title{font-size:30px}
}
#latest .c-article-section__title{border-bottom:0}

/* ---------- journal home (main.html) ---------- */
.app-journal-masthead .c-article-title{font-size:40px}
.app-journal-masthead__lead{font-family:var(--ff-serif);font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;max-width:760px;opacity:.95;margin-bottom:24px}
.app-journal-nav{background:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid var(--c-line)}
.app-journal-nav ul{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:4px 32px;padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:14px;font-size:16px;font-weight:700}
.app-journal-nav a{color:var(--c-text);text-decoration:none}
.app-journal-nav a:hover{color:var(--c-link);text-decoration:underline}
.app-journal-facts{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:0;border:1px solid var(--c-line);border-radius:var(--radius);margin-bottom:48px;font-family:var(--ff-sans)}
.app-journal-facts li{padding:18px 20px;border-left:1px solid var(--c-line)}
.app-journal-facts li:first-child{border-left:0}
.app-journal-facts b{display:block;font-size:28px;line-height:1.2;color:var(--c-navy)}
.app-journal-facts span{font-size:14px;color:#555}
.app-card-list{border-top:1px solid var(--c-line)}
.app-card-open{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 180px;gap:24px;padding:24px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--c-line)}
.app-card-open__meta{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-family:var(--ff-sans);font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;margin-bottom:6px;color:#333}
.app-card-open__meta span{padding:0 8px;border-left:1px solid #999}
.app-card-open__meta span:first-child{padding-left:0;border-left:0;font-weight:700}
.app-card-open__heading{font-family:var(--ff-sans);font-size:22px;line-height:1.3;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:8px}
.app-card-open__heading a{color:#000}
.app-card-open__authors{font-family:var(--ff-sans);font-size:14px;color:#555;margin-bottom:8px}
.app-card-open__desc{font-size:16px;line-height:1.7;color:#333}
.app-card-open__img{aspect-ratio:4/3;border:1px solid var(--c-line);overflow:hidden;background:#f7f7f7}
.app-card-open__img img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover}
.app-featured{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:24px;margin-bottom:48px;font-family:var(--ff-sans)}
.app-featured__item{display:flex;flex-direction:column}
.app-featured__img{aspect-ratio:16/10;overflow:hidden;border-radius:var(--radius) var(--radius) 0 0;background:#eee}
.app-featured__img img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover}
.app-featured__body{border:1px solid var(--c-line);border-top:0;border-radius:0 0 var(--radius) var(--radius);padding:14px 16px 16px;flex:1}
.app-featured__type{font-size:13px;font-weight:700;color:var(--c-blue);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.04em}
.app-featured__title{font-size:17px;line-height:1.35;font-weight:700;margin:6px 0 8px}
.app-featured__title a{color:#000}
.app-featured__date{font-size:13px;color:#555}
.app-side-box{border:1px solid var(--c-line);border-radius:var(--radius);padding:16px 20px;margin-bottom:24px}
.app-side-box__title{font-size:18px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.4;border-bottom:1px solid var(--c-line);padding-bottom:10px;margin-bottom:12px}
.app-side-box ol{counter-reset:pop}
.app-side-box ol li{counter-increment:pop;display:grid;grid-template-columns:28px 1fr;gap:8px;padding:8px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;font-size:15px;line-height:1.45}
.app-side-box ol li:last-child{border-bottom:0}
.app-side-box ol li::before{content:counter(pop);font-weight:700;font-size:20px;color:var(--c-blue);line-height:1.2}
.app-side-box ol a{color:#000;font-weight:700}
.app-side-box p{font-size:15px;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:12px}
.app-side-box__links{display:grid;gap:6px;font-size:15px}
.app-newsletter{background:var(--c-navy);color:#fff;border-radius:var(--radius);padding:20px}
.app-newsletter h3{font-size:20px;line-height:1.3;margin-bottom:8px}
.app-newsletter p{font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;margin-bottom:14px;opacity:.9}
.app-newsletter form{display:grid;gap:10px}
.app-newsletter input{font:inherit;font-size:15px;padding:10px 12px;border:0;border-radius:4px}
.app-newsletter button{background:#fff;color:var(--c-navy);border:0;border-radius:32px;padding:10px 20px;font-weight:700}
.app-newsletter__ok{display:none;font-weight:700}
.app-newsletter.is-done form{display:none}
.app-newsletter.is-done .app-newsletter__ok{display:block}
.c-pagination-more{display:flex;justify-content:center;margin:32px 0 0}

/* static pages */
.c-static{font-family:var(--ff-serif)}
.c-static p,.c-static ul{margin-bottom:24px}
.c-static ul{list-style:disc;padding-left:28px}
.c-static li{margin-bottom:8px}
.c-static h2{font-family:var(--ff-sans);font-size:24px;line-height:1.3;margin:36px 0 12px}
.form-banner{border-radius:var(--radius);padding:14px 18px;margin-bottom:24px;font-family:var(--ff-sans);font-size:16px}
.form-banner.is-ok{background:#e6f4ea;border:1px solid #9bd3ae;color:#0b5a26}
.form-banner.is-err{background:#fdecea;border:1px solid #f5b5ae;color:#8a1c11}

/* ---------- footer ---------- */
.eds-c-footer{background:var(--c-navy);color:#fff;font-size:16px;line-height:1.4;padding:56px 0 32px;margin-top:0}
.eds-c-footer a{color:#fff}
.eds-c-footer__grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:24px;padding-bottom:32px;border-bottom:2px solid #fff}
.eds-c-footer__heading{font-size:24px;line-height:1.2;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:18px}
.eds-c-footer__list li{margin-bottom:16px}
.eds-c-footer__links{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px 28px;padding:28px 0 36px}
.eds-c-footer__meta{font-weight:700;margin-bottom:12px}
.eds-c-footer__brand{font-weight:800;font-size:22px;letter-spacing:-.01em;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:28px;line-height:1}
.eds-c-footer__copy{font-size:16px;margin-top:4px}

/* ---------- cookie banner ---------- */
.cc-banner{position:fixed;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:500;background:var(--c-navy);color:#fff;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:1.45;box-shadow:0 -4px 20px rgba(0,0,0,.25);display:none}
.cc-banner.is-visible{display:block}
.cc-banner__inner{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:40px;padding-top:24px;padding-bottom:24px}
.cc-banner h2{font-size:22px;margin-bottom:14px}
.cc-banner p{margin-bottom:10px}
.cc-banner a{color:#fff;font-weight:700}
.cc-banner__buttons{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:12px;margin-top:16px}
.cc-banner__buttons button{flex:1;min-width:150px;background:#fff;color:var(--c-navy);border:0;border-radius:32px;padding:8px 16px;font-weight:700;font-size:13px}
.cc-banner__purposes li{position:relative;padding-left:18px;margin-top:14px;font-weight:700}
.cc-banner__purposes li::before{content:"\203A";position:absolute;left:2px;top:-2px;font-size:18px}

/* ---------- full size image dialog ---------- */
.c-lightbox{position:fixed;inset:0;z-index:600;background:rgba(0,0,0,.85);display:none;align-items:center;justify-content:center;padding:24px}
.c-lightbox.is-open{display:flex}
.c-lightbox img{max-width:min(1200px,100%);max-height:90vh;background:#fff}
.c-lightbox button{position:absolute;top:16px;right:20px;background:none;border:0;color:#fff;font-size:36px;line-height:1}

/* ---------- responsive ---------- */
@media (max-width:1079px){
  :root{--side:300px}
  .app-masthead__container,.c-article-main{gap:32px}
  .eds-c-header__items{gap:20px}
}
@media (max-width:899px){
  body{font-size:17px}
  .app-masthead__container,.c-article-main{grid-template-columns:1fr}
  .app-journal-card{display:none}
  .c-article-sidebar{display:none}
  .c-article-title{font-size:26px}
  .app-journal-masthead .c-article-title{font-size:30px}
  .app-masthead__access{margin-top:24px}
  .eds-c-header__menu-btn{display:inline-flex}
  .eds-c-header__nav-container{flex-wrap:wrap;min-height:52px}
  .eds-c-header__items{order:3;display:none;width:100%;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;gap:4px;padding:8px 0}
  .eds-c-header.is-menu-open .eds-c-header__items{display:flex}
  .eds-c-header__divider{display:none}
  .eds-c-header__right .eds-c-header__label{display:none}
  .c-article-recommendations-list,.app-featured{grid-template-columns:1fr}
  .c-article-recommendations-list>li{padding:16px 0;border-left:0;border-top:1px solid var(--c-line)}
  .c-article-recommendations-list>li:first-child{border-top:0;padding-top:0}
  .app-journal-facts{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}
  .app-journal-facts li:nth-child(3){border-left:0}
  .app-journal-facts li:nth-child(n+3){border-top:1px solid var(--c-line)}
  .eds-c-footer__grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}
  .cc-banner__inner{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:8px}
  .cc-banner__purposes,.cc-banner__side,.cc-banner__more{display:none}
  .cc-banner{max-height:70vh;overflow:auto}
  .cc-banner h2{font-size:19px;margin-bottom:8px}
  .cc-banner__buttons{margin-top:10px;gap:8px}
  .c-ad__banner{margin:0 16px}
  .c-ad__slot--leaderboard{padding:0 16px}
}
@media (max-width:599px){
  :root{--gutter:16px}
  .eds-c-header__logo{font-size:20px}
  .eds-c-header__logo em{font-size:21px}
  .c-article-section__title{font-size:24px}
  .c-article-section__figure{padding:16px}
  .app-card-open{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 96px;gap:14px}
  .app-card-open__img{aspect-ratio:1/1}
  .app-card-open__heading{font-size:19px}
  .c-bibliographic-information{grid-template-columns:1fr}
  .c-bibliographic-information__update{display:none}
  .c-bibliographic-information__main{border-left:0;padding-left:0}
  .c-bibliographic-information__list-item{width:50%}
  .c-comments__form .c-comments__row{grid-template-columns:1fr}
  .eds-c-footer__grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}
  .c-ad__banner{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;gap:8px}
  .c-article-references__links{justify-content:flex-start}
}
@media print{
  .c-ad,.eds-c-header,.c-article-sidebar,.eds-c-footer,.cc-banner,.app-masthead__actions,.app-journal-card,#comments{display:none!important}
  .app-masthead{background:none;color:#000}
  .app-masthead a{color:#000}
  .c-article-main{display:block}
}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){html{scroll-behavior:auto}}